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In the Touhou world, the use of rabbits as part of the Moon's population comes from ancient tales in East Asia, possibly related to the fact that ancient Japanese people saw a [[wikipedia:Jade Rabbit|rabbit on the moon]] pounding [[wikipedia:Mochi|mochi]], as opposed to a smiling face (the "man in the Moon"). Moon rabbits are not considered to be [[youkai]] by the moon's inhabitants, and [[Rei'sen]] displays no understanding of the term; however, as the [[Lunarian]]s claim to have created youkai in order to regulate the earth, this classification may be based on purpose rather than anatomy.

 

It is customary for earth rabbits and a mandatory duty for some moon rabbits to pound mochi into rice cakes. The earth rabbits of Eientei do this during the Monthly Lunar Festival, thought up by [[Eirin Yagokoro]] to help keep the full moon away, on the night of the full moon. <ref>[[Cage in Lunatic Runagate]]: [[Cage in Lunatic Runagate/First Chapter|First Chapter]] — "Today is the day of the Monthly Lunar Festival. This festival is held on the night when the Earth and the Moon are closest during the full moon at the time. The festival uses round objects, such as dumplings, as fake full moons in a symbolic attempt to keep the full moon far away. If the moon is far away, then the moon's emissaries will stay away, as well. Of course, I was the one who first thought up this festival."</ref> They mostly dedicate this labor to Lord Daikoku (and his 180 children), who they villify, [[Kaguya Houraisan]] and Eirin Yagokoro, presumably out of respect. <ref>[[Silent Sinner in Blue]]: Chapter 1 — Rabbits sing that their strikes are for Lord Daikoku and his 180 children, but also sing some for Kaguya and Eirin.</ref> Eirin mixes drugs into the dumpling recipe, some of which are formulated to make rabbits more excitable, since she expects the rabbits to secretly eat some themselves and wants them to enjoy the festival ([[Tewi]] has noticed this, but not directly complained). <ref>[[Cage in Lunatic Runagate]]: [[Cage in Lunatic Runagate/First_Chapter|First Chapter]] — "Tewi put her hand on the back of her head as she emphasised 'for some reason'. She probably knew about the medicine I put in the dumplings to make the rabbits more excitable."</ref>

Moon rabbits meanwhile must pound mochi to atone for their master [[Chang'e]]'s sin of drinking the Hourai elixir. <ref>[[Silent Sinner in Blue]]: Chapter 2 — "Incidentally, most of the moon rabbits pound out the elixir to serve out Chang'e's punishment."</ref> Although they are said to pound rice cakes, in reality they are attempting to create the Elixir of Hourai. <ref>[[Cage in Lunatic Runagate]]: [[Cage in Lunatic Runagate/Sixth_Chapter|Sixth Chapter]] — "Although we call them “rice cakes” what was actually in the mortar was not rice but medicine. We were trying to make a medicine called the “Hourai Elixir” that would provide eternal youth and everlasting life."</ref> However, without Kaguya's power, they have yet to succeed. {{reference needed|Citation for failure to produce the Hourai Elixir needed}}

It is unspecified why or how Chang'e is or was the moon rabbits' master. In the actual legend, Chang'e ordered the moon rabbit to make a new immortality pill for her once she had ascended to the moon from the earth after consumming the original, which she stole from her husband, so that she could return to him. It is implied in the [[Touhou Project]] that Chang'e is a native Lunarian, as her true name is not Chang'e, but instead something unpronounceable to beings of the Earth. <ref>[[Silent Sinner in Blue]]: Chapter 2 — Chang'e's true name is something only those from the Moon know and can pronounce.</ref>